Este livro traz uma importante contribuição à compreensão do universo político e social das teorias desenvolvidas do educador Paulo Freire. Nele, o trabalho do educador é analisado como tributário da ideologia nacional desenvolvimentista desdobrada no ISEB dos anos 50 até a publicação da obra de Álvaro Vieira Pinto nos anos 60.

La dernière fois que j’ai vu Claude, il était chez lui, dans l’appartement parisien surchauffé. Il y régnait une atmosphère de fin du monde, et j’allais comprendre qu’en effet, la fin d’un monde était advenue, d’un monde qui avait été celui de Claude jusqu’à ses dernières semaines. Un monde vécu dans l’optimisme irréductible qui le caractérisait, confiant en quelque sorte dans le contexte français. Vanilda, son épouse, était alitée après une opération de l’épaule, cassée suite..

A common misconception among logicians is to think that intuitionism is necessarily tied-up with single conclusion calculi. Single conclusion calculi can be used to model intuitionism and they are convenient, but by no means are they necessary. This has been shown by such influential textbook authors as Kleene, Takeuti and Dummett, to cite only three. If single conclusions are not necessary, how do we guarantee that only intuitionistic derivations are allowed? Traditionally one insists on restrictions on particular rules: implication right, (...) negation right and universal quantification right are required to be single conclusion rules. In this note we show that instead of a cardinality restriction such as one-conclusion-only, we can use a notion of dependency between formulae to enforce the constructive character of derivations. The system we obtain, called FIL for full intuitionistic logic, satisfies basic properties such as soundness, completeness and cut elimination. We present two motivating applications of FIL and discuss some future work. (shrink)

This collection of papers, celebrating the contributions of Swedish logician Dag Prawitz to Proof Theory, has been assembled from those presented at the Natural Deduction conference organized in Rio de Janeiro to honour his seminal research. Dag Prawitz’s work forms the basis of intuitionistic type theory and his inversion principle constitutes the foundation of most modern accounts of proof-theoretic semantics in Logic, Linguistics and Theoretical Computer Science.

Since Prawitz proposal of his ecumenical system, where classical and intuitionistic logics co-exist in peace, there has been a discussion about the relation between translations and the ecumenical perspective. While it is undeniable that there exists a relationship, it is also undeniable that its very nature is controversial. The aim of this paper is to show that there are interesting relations between the Gödel-Gentzen translation and the ecumenical perspective. We show that the ecumenical perspective cannot be reduced to the Gödel-Gentzen (...) translation, much less be identified with it. (shrink)

This text aims to perform a “fly over” the Philosophy for Children program--created by the philosopher and educator Matthew Lipman-–in order to identify certain philosophical problems that might appear there, one of them being the issue of universality. In response to Lipman’s claims of universality, we try to uncover his underlying ideological position that informs his approach to the concept. To achieve that goal, we return to the program’s beginnings, in order to ask how the idea of Philosophy for Children (...) appeared and how it has developed up to the present moment. We argue that Lipman’s novel proposal to think philosophically with children emerged, in part, as a response to the student movements of 1968--a response, that is, to a specific political context that was marked by strong social and ideological disputes. Finally, we make a comparative analysis of the social and political context that informs Latin American Philosophy, and the extent to which it, also, has been shaped by a pragmatic response to a particular historical moment. The difference between the Anglo-American and the Latin American contexts is here characterized as an obstacle to a certain “universal” logos to which the Lipmanian project is linked. Our analysis is aided by the Discourse of marginalization and barbarism, produced by the Mexican philosopher Leopoldo Zea. (shrink)

Much has been said about intuitionistic and classical logical systems since Gentzen’s seminal work. Recently, Prawitz and others have been discussing how to put together Gentzen’s systems for classical and intuitionistic logic in a single unified system. We call Prawitz’ proposal the Ecumenical System, following the terminology introduced by Pereira and Rodriguez. In this work we present an Ecumenical sequent calculus, as opposed to the original natural deduction version, and state some proof theoretical properties of the system. We reason (...) that sequent calculi are more amenable to extensive investigation using the tools of proof theory, such as cut-elimination and rule invertibility, hence allowing a full analysis of the notion of Ecumenical entailment. We then present some extensions of the Ecumenical sequent system and show that interesting systems arise when restricting such calculi to specific fragments. This approach of a unified system enabling both classical and intuitionistic features sheds some light not only on the logics themselves, but also on their semantical interpretations as well as on the proof theoretical properties that can arise from combining logical systems. (shrink)

The geometric system of deduction called N-Graphs was introduced by de Oliveira in 2001. The proofs in this system are represented by means of digraphs and, while its derivations are mostly based on Gentzen's sequent calculus, the system gets its inspiration from geometrically based systems, such as the Kneales' tables of development, Statman's proofs-as-graphs, Buss' logical flow graphs, and Girard's proof-nets. Given that all these geometric systems appeal to the classical symmetry between premises and conclusions, providing an intuitionistic version of (...) any of these is an interesting exercise in extending the range of applicability of the geometric system in question. In this article we produce an intuitionistic version of N-Graphs, based on Maehara's LJ' system, as described by Takeuti. Recall that LJ' has multiple conclusions in all but the essential intuitionistic rules, e.g., implication right and negation right. We show soundness and completeness of our intuitionistic N-Graphs with respect to LJ'. We also discuss how we expect to extend this work to a version of N-Graphs corresponding to the intuitionistic logic system FIL (Full Intuitionistic Logic) of de Paiva and Pereira and sketch future developments. (shrink)

While there is much literature analyzing the politics of implementing economic reforms, very little has been written on the social and political consequences of such reforms after they have been implemented. The basic premise of this book is that the convergence of many social, economic, and political ills in the context of unprecedented levels of political democratization in Latin America presents a paradox that needs to be explained. _What Kind of Democracy? _demonstrates how the myriad social problems throughout the region (...) are intimately linked both to a new economic development model and the weaknesses of Latin American democracy. This volume brings together prominent scholars from Canada, the United States, and Latin America, representing several different disciplines to analyze ongoing processes of economic, social, and political change in the region. The contributors are Werner Baer, Manuel Barrera, Juan Alberto Fuentes, Yoshiaki Nakano, Claudio Paiva, Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira, Jean-François Prud'homme, Jorge Schvarzer, Francisco Weffort, and Francisco Zapata. (shrink)

: The development of the interdisciplinary areas of cognitive, affective and action neurosciences contributes to the identification of neurobiological bases of conscious experience. The structure of consciousness was philosophically conceived a century ago as consisting of a subjective pole, the bearer of experiences, and an objective pole composed of experienced contents. In more recent formulations, Nagel refers to a “point of view”, in which qualitative experiences are anchored, while Velmans understands that phenomenal content is composed of mental representations “projected” to (...) the space external to the brains that construct them. In Freudian psychology, the conscious mind contains a tension between the Id and the Ego. How to relate this bipolar structure with the results of neuroscience? I propose the notion of projection [also used by Williford et al. ] as a bridge principle connecting the neurobiological systems of knowing, feeling and acting with the bipolar structure. The projective process is considered responsible for the generation of the sense of self and the sense of the world, composing an informational phenomenal field generated by the nervous system and experienced in the first-person perspective. After presenting the projective hypothesis, I discuss its philosophical status, relating it to the phenomenal and high-order thought approaches, and a mathematical model of projection. Eight ways of testing the status of the projective hypothesis are briefly mentioned. Resumo: O desenvolvimento de áreas interdisciplinares das neurociências, contribui para a identificação das bases neurobiológicas da experiência consciente. A estrutura intrínseca da experiência consciente foi filosoficamente concebida há um século como consistindo de um pólo subjetivo, o portador de experiências, e um pólo objetivo, composto dos conteúdos experimentados. Em formulações mais recentes, Thomas Nagel refere-se a um “ponto de vista”, no qual experiências qualitativas são ancoradas, enquanto Max Velmans entende que o conteúdo fenomenal é composto de representações mentais “projetadas” para o espaço externo ao cérebro que as constrói. Na psicologia freudiana, a mente consciente contém uma tensão entre o Id e o Ego. Como relacionar esta estrutura bipolar com os resultados da neurociência? Proponho a noção de projeção como princípio-ponte, conectando os sistemas neurobiológicos do saber, sentir e agir com a estrutura bipolar. O processo projetivo é considerado responsável pela geração do sentido do eu e do sentido do mundo, compondo um campo fenomenal informacional gerado pelo sistema nervoso e vivenciado na perspectiva da primeira pessoa. Após apresentar a hipótese projetiva, discuto seu status filosófico, relacionando-o às abordagens fenomenológicas, à teoria do pensamento de ordem superior e ao modelo matemático da projeção. Oito maneiras de testar o status da hipótese projetiva são brevemente mencionadas. (shrink)

This article focuses on a study of historical emigration from the 1960s onwards, showing the importance of intercultural interaction. Due to the poverty, hunger and precarious living conditions that existed in Madeira Island, many young people saw emigration to South Africa as a means of escaping a difficult life. Arduous jobs due to their limited qualifications, as well as legal constraints and an inability to understand the language, were just some of the barriers encountered by these emigrants. By interviewing 15 (...) persons from different generations of emigrants (first and second-generation), it was possible to gather information about the reality Madeirans have faced in South Africa. The graphematic transcription of semistructured interviews plays a very important role in the effective recording of these data, guaranteeing their comparability, analysis and discussion. The compilation of the empirical corpus, with the informed consent obtained from the interviewees, respecting their privacy and guaranteeing their anonymity allows us to perform a sociocultural and linguistic study. The study took into account intercultural personal reports of informants coming from different locations of the Island, age groups, genders, and schooling. Even though the impact of the South African culture, language and society was noticeable, the presence of the Portuguese language, music, religion, tradition, and Madeiran food were very strong, due to the fact that the Portuguese community was united. (shrink)

This article explores some of the most significant questions in feminist epistemology: how do academics demarcate what constitutes ‘proper’ academic knowledge? And to what extent is feminist theory and research recognised as such? I draw on material from an ethnographic study of academia in Portugal to examine the claims that non-feminist scholars make in classrooms and conferences about the epistemic status of feminist scholarship. I observed that feminist work was very commonly described as capable of generating credible and valuable knowledge, (...) but only in some instances and in limited ways. I present examples of these adversative claims (i.e. propositions that express opposition or discrepancy through a ‘but’ or equivalent adversative conjunction) and analyse their structure, content and uses of caricature and humour, showing how epistemic boundaries are drawn in them and how feminist scholarship is positioned in relation to those boundaries. I argue that this boundary-work produces a representation of feminist scholarship as being located partly within, and partly outside, the realm of proper knowledge, a move which I designate as an epistemic splitting of that scholarship. I suggest that this splitting enables and legitimates a selective engagement with feminist work, because it provides non-feminist scholars with a recognised epistemological rationale for taking into account the feminist insights which broadly fit mainstream frameworks, while simultaneously rejecting as epistemologically unsound the feminist critiques of those frameworks. (shrink)

Neste trabalho, buscamos expor, a partir da leitura imanente dos textos do próprio Marx, a filiação do pensador alemão ao pensamento de Hegel e ao hegelianismo. Caminhou-se, no presente texto, pelas veredas que levaram o “vigoroso andarilho”, como Marx se intitula na carta ao pai (1837), ao pensamento hegeliano, pois, apesar da vasta bibliografia disponível sobre a relação entre Marx e Hegel, ainda é diminuto o material que procura analisar o modo pelo qual Marx adere ao hegelianismo. Pode-se debater em (...) que medida Marx se manteve hegeliano ao longo do seu itinerário intelectual, qual a medida do distanciamento que o autor de O capital guardou em relação ao último filósofo do Idealismo Alemão, se houve ruptura e o grau dessa ruptura. Antes, contudo, é necessário compreender como o jovem alemão se tornou discípulo de Hegel e que tipo de discípulo foi Marx. Nossa análise percorreu os diversos textos do período acadêmico do autor, os quais contemplam variados materiais, como correspondências, escritos literários, anotações e o que restou da sua tese doutoral. Procuramos demonstrar que a adesão de Marx ao hegelianismo ocorreu em 1837, a partir da crítica ao idealismo de Kant e Fichte. (shrink)

In this article, we seek to demonstrate how horror movies can be part of writing a political and historical event. Our reflection takes up the question that appears in Barthes in a text called The Writing of the Event, which contains an analysis of May 1968 in France. We looked at two horror movies that contain memories of October 2005 and reflected on "who are we and what we do today?”. Our goal is to contribute to the diagnosis of the (...) present. (shrink)

Este artigo é uma pesquisa bibliográfica centrada na análise de cinco textos do marxista húngaro György Lukács cujo objetivo era compreender melhor como esse autor caracteriza o complexo da educação em sua teoria. As obras selecionadas para o estudo foram o capítulo A reprodução do livro Para uma ontologia do ser social 2, além de quatro ensaios dispersos em outras obras: O Poema pedagógico de Makarenko, Os anos de aprendizado de Wilhelm Meister, Lenin e os problemas de transição e Gottfried (...) Keller. Expõe-se que Lukács não compreende a educação em sentido estrito como limitada à sociedade capitalista, mas como universal, por se caracterizar como uma práxis intencional que pode ocorrer em diversos âmbitos da sociedade. Tal resultado aponta para uma interpretação da educação em Lukács menos limitada à crítica de função reprodutora e, portanto, abrindo maiores possibilidades de conexão entre a teoria lukacsiana e a luta revolucionária. (shrink)

The contemporaneous ecological concern constitutes a tread line issue; the distance from superficial activist actions, although, as well as the credible philosophical - phenomenological - background that support the request for the stem cause, distinguishes and outstands Abram ‘s reflection. His poetic and prophetically discourse calls upon the need for a extremely disavowal reorganisation of the position of Man and his task within the cosmos.

The projection of conscious content is a central feature of Max Velmans' theory of consciousness, implying that conscious experiences are built within a conversation of minds and worlds in which they form a 'reflexive' unity – as stated in his reflexive monism theory. What are the neurobiological structures and functions that underpin the experience of conscious contents being located in a spatio-temporal frame outside the nervous system that instantiates them? In this paper I offer informed speculation about these neurobiological structures (...) on the basis of the concept of projection within the psychophysical 'egocentric space', having the central nervous system at the origin of coordinates and the interface with the environment as the horizon. The reasoning is based on the work of several neuroscientists on feedback signals from the motor to sensory neuron systems, building a picture of how they support the projective process. I also call attention to the integrative role of glial cells in the generation of localized sensations and other conscious contents. (shrink)

RESUMO A recente publicação de Faria tem como objetivo demonstrar que, “se o anti-individualismo estiver correto, então a obscuridade da validade é mais ampla do que necessitamos presumir para os objetivos atuais.” Através da rejeição de “uma variedade de movimentos exculpatórios, projetados para blindar a racionalidade de um pensador possivelmente azarado,” Faria sugere que o externalismo de conteúdo pode afetar drasticamente nossa autocompreensão como seres racionais. Temo que tenha que discordar. Faria superintelectualiza o pensamento, sempre performado da perspectiva de primeira (...) pessoa e é sujeito ao controle reflexivo pelo pensador. Para ter certeza, o externalismo de conteúdo mostra que um pensamento saudável é contingente no amplo ambiente e, assim, não depende exclusivamente das habilidades lógicas do ser vivo, mas é uma questão de sorte lógica. Apesar disso, o externalismo de conteúdo não é ameaça à racionalidade. Meu diagnóstico: através da adoção da estratégia de Wittgenstein de “trazer as palavras de volta pra casa”, Faria negligencia as conquistas da ciência cognitiva: na sua forma mais simples, a “inferência transitiva,” a racionalidade pervade o reino animal. (shrink)

The present study uses EEG time-frequency representations with a Flanker task to investigate if and how individual differences in bilingual language experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes in two bilingual group types: late bilinguals and early bilinguals. TFRs were computed for both incongruent and congruent trials. The difference between the two was then compared between the HSs and the L2 learners, modeled as a function of individual differences with bilingual experience within each group separately and probed for its potential symmetry between brain (...) and behavioral data. We found no differences at the behavioral and neural levels for the between-groups comparisons. However, oscillatory dynamics of inhibition and cognitive control were found to be modulated by individual differences in bilingual language experience, albeit distinctly within each bilingual group. While the results indicate adaptations toward differential brain recruitment in line with bilingual language experience variation overall, this does not manifest uniformly. Rather, earlier versus later onset to bilingualism—the bilingual type—seems to constitute an independent qualifier to how individual differences play out. (shrink)

A presente proposta busca sistematizar a importância da valorização do docente através do período extraclasse, prevista pela Lei do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional docente (PSPN), observando a proposta de formação continuada, e, também, formação permanente, desenvolvida no Centro de Formação Carolina Garcia (CFCG), localizado no município de Macaé/RJ. A discussão aprofundada por meio da monografia de pedagogia da extinta Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Macaé – FAFIMA, tem como base os relatos apresentados nos questionários semiestruturados respondido pelas coordenadoras (...) do local, no ano de 2019. Nesse sentido, buscamos perceber o processo de elaboração da proposta do CFCG, que marca todo um movimento de formação pioneira em diálogo com o PSPN. Concluímos ao longo da pesquisa, que existem várias experiências que priorizam o fazer docente em diálogo com o período extraclasse, mas historicamente o CFCG propõe a ampliação do conhecimento de dentro da profissão e do seu entorno. (shrink)

The soul is agile and transparent; it does not make the body weighty. It streams limitless within the patterns of regimented matter, gratifies the body until it can fill it no more, but remains as a swirling ball of energy with it. We do not see it, but can imagine it; like the wind; an energy, we do not see but can feel and there is no kerb to imagine its likeness. The soul so translucent lies beneath the scabbard of (...) the body; brings the flesh to life; a heave of energy within and out of every speck of flesh. It abides the laws of nature and so departs the body upon death to be transformed and reutilized. Cosmic energy shapes matter and so shapes life; fabricates the mind and the soul; makes the body conscious of its presence. To seek it, we need to imagine it; imagination helps us see within the stores of the cosmic energy matrix. For no matter what, the soul exists, it is no extraordinary form, no mysterious form; a sphere of energy; pure, created with the purposefulness of engaging life in forms that can support it; us; to experience the magnificence of what is and why it was created. This paper is an insight into the imaginings and imaginations of the soul that deepens the ability of the human mind to venture into the depths of the cosmic energy which crafts it. (shrink)

The word soul in the cell-soul pathway does not have a scientific definition but has been hypothesized to be an indefinite, non-structured, massless energy made up of electromagnetic radiations that is confined in the cytoskeletal network of a living cell. It is a coherent, imperceptible, uncontainable and recyclable support pathway, which uses energy to promulgate consciousness in the cell supporting its functions. The pathway currently provides a mechanistic explanation of the flow of consciousness within the body, but the intent of (...) this paper is to provide an arduous explanation of non-local consciousness or disembodiment observed in near-death experiences. The paper hypothetically subsets the cell-soul pathway with the presence of two forms of consciousness, consistent with a recently developed model by Reddy : bodily consciousness, which manages functions only at cellular level, and functional consciousness, which is present in the body but can get disembodied and perform non-locally; the two forms of consciousness represent the overall state of consciousness. The non-locality of subjective experiences observed in near-death cases can be related to the realm of quantum physics – quantum entanglement between the two forms of consciousness that can demonstrate the capability of storing information holographically within the void or vacuum with the ability to create memories beyond the limitations of the brain and body. (shrink)

In this article, the author explores the mystery of the soul. “For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul”. The soul by common definition is the spiritual or immaterial part of a living being, regarded as immortal. To find a possible metaphysical link between religion and science, the author suggests that the soul is the immaterial aspect of electromagnetic energy that can transform but cannot be destroyed. According to this (...) suggestion, the soul attached to a living being fulfills the being’s desire through electromagnetic interactions, and, upon completion, the soul is released through ultra-weak electromagnetic radiations that coalesce with the universe. (shrink)

The impact of Cyberculture, of digital devices on young people as extensions of the body, can be seen in terms of the decreasing structuring of thoughts and information, increasing impulsivity in perception and action, and the development of more primitive defense mechanisms. These adverse impacts result in the feeling of isolation and devaluation, frustration of present and uncertainty of the future, exteriorization and floating identities, mimetic and adhesive identifications, less cohesion of the self, and decreasing tolerance of the other. This (...) paper focuses on the following themes: Symbiosis versus syncretism: The affirmations of symbiosis. The dilutions of syncretism. Synopsis: Too much syncretism, too little symbiosis. Lack of a deeper co-construction of knowledge, more lasting, and sustainable. Lack of increased more independent personal cognitive deepening. Lack of ability to be alone. Causality and free will: Symbiotic versus syncretic causality. Conclusions: Cyber-selfs—either distributed or not at all? (shrink)

Algunos filósofos aseguran que las experiencias visuales que tenemoscuando percibimos son del mismo tipo ontológico que aquellasexperiencias que tendríamos si alucináramos de manera perfecta.Si en ambos casos hay un máximo común denominadorontológico —una experiencia del mismo tipo— es claro que losobjetos distales no constituyen de manera fundamental las experienciasque tenemos. Una de las razones utilizadas para adoptaresta interpretación es la posibilidad de producir una alucinaciónperfecta, es decir, una alucinación introspectivamente indiscriminablede una percepción, mediante la activación de las mismascausas neurofisiológicas cercanas (...) en el cerebro. En este artículoargumentaré que esta razón no es suficiente para aceptar las consideracionesanteriores. De hecho, sugeriré que existe una maneraalternativa de comprender la percepción como un fenómenonatural que sí otorga un rol constitutivo causal y no-causal a losobjetos distales. Si esto es así, las experiencias perceptuales sonfundamentalmente diferentes a las alucinaciones, a pesar de queno podemos discriminar introspectivamente entre ellas. (shrink)

Neste ensaio, reflecte-se sobre o significado de «eutanásia» como conceito e como acto. Da etimologia, à exploração do sentido paradigmático de actos presentes na história do pensamento que ajudam a enquadrar o que está em causa quando a questão da eutanásia surge. A morte. Que se entende por «boa morte»? O sofrimento. O suicídio. Matar um ser humano: de que falamos? As origens contemporâneas da eutanásia. Que alternativa?

Sentience, defined as the unconscious capacity of having conscious feeling experiences, is a psychobiological phenomenon involving dynamic patterns of electrochemical waves in living systems. The process of feeling can be studied in two ways: a) Empirical identification and analysis of the universal temporal patterns that characterize feeling, forming a science to be called Sentiomics; b) Introspective identification and report of the variety of qualitative conscious experiences, from a first-person perspective, a study that could be called Qualiomics. Qualiomics is undoubtedly a (...) challenge to conventional science, as stated in the “hard problem of consciousness” (Chalmers, 1995), as the first-person perspective is not accessible to conventional scientific measurement methods and explanations. Sentiomics, focusing on dynamic patterns that define the capacity to feel, is therefore susceptible to empirical and experimental treatment. In this article, we propose to contextualize the philosophical assumptions and problems of Sentiomics and present some of its various applications, focusing on its the relation with music. (shrink)

Macunaíma: o herói sem nenhum caráter (1928), de Mário de Andrade, é o romance-rapsódia que versa sobre a trajetória de um herói baseado nas lendas indígenas amazônicas e apresentado como autenticamente brasileiro. A paródia se faz presente como intenção em diversas cenas da obra. Todavia, neste trabalho, será tratada a paródia enquanto deformação e transformação (ou imitação) com distanciamento crítico da figura do herói romântico indianista idealizado, que a personagem Peri, de O Guarani (1857), de José de Alencar, encarna. Palavras-chave: (...) Macunaíma. Peri. Herói. Paródia. (shrink)

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo analisar a crítica de Nietzsche a historiografia moderna a partir da definição de romantismo proposta por Michel Lowy e Robert Sayre. Deste modo, intentamos compreender a crítica nietzschiana à História como um movimento de combate à própria modernidade, tomando a tragédia grega como o caminho para combater o historicismo e os problemas desencadeados pela doença histórica.

Does the concept of “subject” still have any logical-scientific consistency that could give it some relevance in the contemporary demands of rationality? Or is it rather a kind of fossil of metaphysical speculation that should be completely ruled out? Judging from the course of the history of philosophy, which for nearly 400 years has been devoted to the criticism of the subject’s conception directly deriving from the Cartesian cogito, it is amazing the stimulant power of this phantom that has so (...) productively haunted our thinking throughout the centuries.From a critical and deconstructive perspective of subjectivity and selfhood, neurosciences could be seen as the definitive blow to the “I,” conceived in Cartesian... (shrink)

O argumento explora que conseqüências resultariam se, no de-curso de uma revisão crítica empreendida por um filósofo de suas cren-ças e certezas, ele considerasse a possibilidade de estar louco. Desenvol-vido na primeira pessoa, o argumento, que tem um perfil cartesiano e é estranho ao padrão de argumentação do antigo ceticismo pirrônico, cul-mina, no entanto, numa postura cética. Ele desafia e põe em xeque, de uma maneira radical, os ideais de certeza e conhecimento absolutos pro-postos pela Razão clássica.